RACE,DRUGS, AND POLICING: UNDERSTANDING DISPARITIES IN DRUG DELIVERY ARRESTS*

This article draws on several unique data sources to assess and explain racial disparity in Seattle's drug delivery arrests. Evidence regarding the racial and ethnic composition of those who deliver any of five serious drugs in that city is compared with the racial and ethnic composition of those arrested for this offense. Our findings indicate that blacks are significantly overrepresented among Seattle's drug delivery arrestees. Several organizational practices explain racial disparity in these arrests: law enforcement's focus on crack offenders, the priority placed on outdoor drug venues, and the geographic concentration of police resources in racially heterogeneous areas. The available evidence further indicates that these practices are not determined by race‐neutral factors such as crime rates or community complaints. Our findings thus indicate that race shapes perceptions of who and what constitutes Seattle's drug problem, as well as the organizational response to that problem.     

福建省娱乐场所涉毒问题现状及治理对策

自20世纪90年代末新型毒品进入福建省娱乐场所后,在七八年的时间里,这些场所内滥用的毒品从最初的摇头丸发展为现在的多种类、混合型毒品并存,消费人群也在成倍增长,由此产生的社会危害性日益突出。福建省各地禁毒执法部门针对本地娱乐场所的涉毒情况陆续开展了整治工作,但一些工作上的难点直接制约了治理成效,因而有必要探讨加强娱乐场所涉毒问题的治理对策。     

试论毒品来源同一认定的理论基础

毒品来源同一认定是我国当前毒品检验工作中一个亟待解决的重大课题。从物证理化检验中种属认定的哲学基础上,可表明特征反映体的发掘和表达与种属认定范围之间的正相关关系,以及毒品海洛因的杂质和稀释物在新一鉴定层次中的作用。只要正确认识事物发展、变化的客观规律,充分发挥现代科学技术的作用,就一定能不断拓展我们的视野,把毒品检验的种属认定引向深入,以达到不同层次的“同一”。     

美国与日本的反毒政策可借镜之观点与对策（节选）

近年来 ,台湾面临严重的药物滥用问题 ,对社会治安、民众健康与青少年生存发展 ,均造成重大之伤害 ,实为当前政府与社会之重要课题。美日两国亦颇为毒品所苦 ,其两国对毒品之防治亦不遗余力。他山之石或可攻玉。本文旨在探讨美日两国药物滥用之防治措施 ,并借由归纳两国之防治措施以提供评估相似策略之参考     

GC–MS studies on acylated derivatives of 3-methoxy-4-methyl- and 4-methoxy-3-methyl-phenethylamines: Regioisomers related to 3,4-MDMA

A series of side chain regioisomers of 3-methoxy-4-methyl- and 4-methoxy-4-methyl-phenethylamines have mass spectra essentially equivalent to the controlled drug substance 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (3,4-MDMA), all have molecular weight of 193 and major fragment ions in their electron ionization mass spectra at m/z 58 and 135/136. The acetyl, propionyl and trifluoroacetyl derivatives of the primary and secondary regioisomeric amines were prepared and evaluated in GC–MS studies. The mass spectra for these derivatives were significantly individualized and the resulting unique fragment ions allowed for specific side chain identification. The trifluoroacetyl derivatives provided more fragment ions for molecular individualization among these regioisomeric substances. These trifluoroacetyl derivatives showed excellent resolution on a non-polar stationary phase such as Rtx-1.     

Drug use and pretrial misconduct in New York city

Is recent drug use significantly associated with pretrial misconduct? Does consideration of recent drug use enhance risk classification among a sample of persons who have time free pending the disposition of their cases? Using data on arrestees in Manhattan, this paper examines these issues and some related questions. To measure recent drug use, urine samples were collected from persons shortly after their arrest and tested for four drugs: heroin, cocaine, PCP, and methadone. Two measures of pretrial misconduct are considered: whether a defendant fails to appear for a scheduled court date (FTA) and whether a defendant is rearrested prior to case disposition. Censored probit models are used to estimate the statistical association between drug test results and pretrial misconduct. Results show that drug test results are significantly associated with pretrial misconduct over and above the information typically available to judges at the time release decisions are made. Some implications of these findings for pretrial decision making are discussed.     

谈互联网上毒品犯罪及对策

互联网因其现代化、科学化、高效率、高覆盖及无国界等优点,迅速走进人们的生活,同时也给不法之徒进行犯罪活动提供了契机。目前通过互联网订购、销售毒品、进行在线毒品交易、提供制毒配方等互联网上涉毒案件已出现,网上毒品犯罪已成为全球毒品犯罪的最新发展动向,引起各国政府及执法部门的高度关注。     

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定人血清中氯丙嗪与氯扎平的浓度

作者建立了同时测定人血清中氯丙嗪与氯扎平浓度的反相高效液相色谱(RP—HPLC)法。以利眠宁为内标,用环己烷—乙醚(1:1)混合溶剂提取血清中氯丙嗪和氯扎平。高浓度中毒者血清(>1ug/ml)则用乙腈沉淀后直接进行色谱测定。血清中氯丙嗪、氯扎平的方法回收率乎均各为98.5±4.0(SD)%,CV4.2%;99.9±4.1(SD)%,CV4.1%。两药在血清中的最低检测浓度为10ng/ml。本法应用于临床氯丙嗪、氯扎平合用药物的血浓度监测及司法中毒案例的分析,结果满意。     

Relationships between concentrations of cocaine and its hydrolysates in peripheral blood, heart blood, vitreous humor and urine

Cocaine is known to degrade in vivo and in vitro by several hydrolytic mechanisms. A previous study found that the initial amount of cocaine added to plasma could be accounted for by summing the molar concentrations of cocaine's hydrolysis products and the cocaine remaining after hydrolysis. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether or not relationships might exist between such molar concentration sums for different postmortem bodily fluids. Determinations of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, and ecgonine were performed using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with heart blood, femoral blood, vitreous humor (VH), and urine (UR). The results demonstrate a strong correlation between blood and VH concentrations (correlation coefficients of 0.88-0.94), weak correlation between the UR and blood concentrations (correlation coefficients of 0.61-0.64), and weak correlation between UR and VH concentrations (correlation coefficient of 0.59). The results demonstrate that ecgonine is a significant hydrolysate with concentrations on the same order of magnitude as benzoylecgonine. The results are consistent with rapid distribution of the parent drug and its hydrolysates in the blood and VH. The strong correlation between the blood and VH demonstrates that VH is an important medium for toxicology testing when attempting to make a determination of cocaine intoxication.     

论西部地区的禁毒情报协作——西部地区毒品犯罪对全国禁毒工作影响研究之二

毒品犯罪的特殊性决定了情报在打击毒品犯罪中的重要性,而毒品犯罪的跨区域性特点决定了加强情报合作和协作的重要性,西部地区在禁毒斗争中不仅要加强国际禁毒情报交流,也要加强各省市区之间的禁毒情报协作.这种协作的途径主要是通过推进公安情报体制的改革、建立西部地区禁毒协作机制、加强"金盾工程"建设、利用公安部驻滇禁毒联络办公室等来进行,协作的内容主要有战略性情报的交流、禁毒基础信息的共享、毒品专案侦查的情报协作等.